So let’s get into dictionaries and that’s gonna end the sub-series I guess of types, this is going to be the last type that we’re going to talk about. So let’s go ahead and open up a terminal here and jump into Python. Now the previous video when we created a list we used square brackets and we entered comma-separated values in there which became our list, however in order to create a dictionary we’re going to open up sand close curly brackets here. Now in a previous video I told you guys that we don’t use curly brackets in Python and that was a lie, and just so you know there’s going to be a few of those throughout this course, so keep your eyes open for them. What I meant to say, and just to clarify, you don’t wrap code blocks in curly brackets like you do in PHP and JavaScript. Instead the only use that Python has for curly brackets is to define a dictionary. So, rather than entering comma-separated values we’re going to enter comma for separated values but each one of those is going to be a key and a value, so let’s go ahead and create one. Let’s create a person so the name is going to be {“name”: “Nick”, “age”: is 27, “hobby”: “code”} and that becomes our dictionary. Now, again, you can…you can access, I had tried to do that the JavaScript way here which you put a dot and then the name of the key that you’re looking for, in Python you do it like this kind of like when you define an index number here. If you were to do this it wouldn’t be able to find it because it’s not a list but with an array we would have done that, in here we just type the name of the value we want. So name is going to print out “Nick” if we put in age that’s going to print out “27” and if we enter hobby that’s going to print out “code” and so that’s how to define a dictionary and how to retrieve certain values from the dictionary. This is also going to become a very useful later on once we get to, well once we get JSON itself because we are going to do a video on JSON, but also once we start once we start working with a lot of data some of it’s, some of it we’re going to explicitly convert into JSON data just so we can parse it like this because this is one of the easiest ways to parse data is using this form. So thanks for watching this video and I hope you guys enjoyed it. This ends the sub section of types and in the next video we’re going to be learning about variables.
Alright, so let’s discuss lists and what they are in Python. So, let’s open up terminal again and launch a Python 3 console. So, if you do have experience with programming in other languages, let’s say PHP, you know how to create an array and what an array is. For anybody else it’s a way to to keep data organized and within one construct. So we’re going to go ahead and define an array and how we do that Python is just open up and close square brackets, and then in them we’re going to have some items and those items are going to each have their own index number within the array. So, let’s say we’re making a list of things that I like. I’m going to type “[“Movies”, “Games”, “Python”]” Now what this becomes is a list that has three indexes and we saw earlier when we split a string apart that created one of these and so you guys already know how to access items within this array, however if you forgot we’re going to go ahead and do that. So, basically I can put an index of 0 “[0]” and it’s going to print out movies. Now if we put that in a print statement, we’re going to concatenate it, “print(“I Like” +” Alright, we’re gonna get there so…let’s go ahead and print this out it says “I like movies” if we change that index number [1] it’s going to say “I like games” and if I change that to [2], oh not 3, so “I like Python” as well. Now what happens if one of these are a number? Let’s say I replace this with the number 16, let’s say “I like 16” go ahead and change this index to “[1]” then hit enter. It can’t convert the integer to string. So what we would do is if we were trying to print, and this specifically printing out an array and then choosing an index that time of recreation or list, that’s impractical and we’re never going to do things that way. So, what we just saw this error message doesn’t really matter. Basically again if you’re trying to concatenate strings with an integer it’s gonna freak out because it doesn’t know how to do that. So that is what a list is, it’s just a way to to create a collection under one variable name and when we discuss variables we will revisit this so you guys can see what I mean. In the next video we’re going to be talking about dictionaries, and basically these are like in JavaScript you can create JSON objects and that’s basically what they are. So, let’s get into that.
Welcome back people, in this video we’re going to be talking about Boolean operators. So, what is a Boolean? Well, basically is not just a Python specific concept it’s a programming concept in general and it consists of two items, one is true, one is false. Now in a lot of programming languages you typed true as “true” and false as, well you know how to spell those, but you’d spell them all lowercase, Python’s different. So let’s explore that a bit and open up terminal here, and launch a Python3 console, and we’re going to just type in true and it’s going to return true, this is not in quotations, make sure when you’re typing true and false for truth checking that you’re typing true and false and not like this, because that will return a string which is true, yeah. So let’s talk about what these operators do. Basically, and we’re going to get into comparison operators a bit later which is like checking if something is equal to something, or more or less than, or if it even exists, or if it’s a certain type, and so you can basically perform different actions on different types of data and that’s why it’s necessary to do some fact checking with that. So, we need the true and false in programming, however we can explicitly declare true-and-false like we’ve just done by just typing true or false, or we can generate it in other ways. So let’s have a look at some of the ways we can generate a true or false. So let’s type “5 = 5” that’s true. Now when you’re comparing two objects and you’re checking if they’re equal to each other you can’t type that because the single quote, the single equal sign there, is used for a different purpose and programming it’s used to assign a value to a variable, and we’ll go over that here soon as well. So when we’re comparing to check if two numbers or two strings are equal to each other we need to put two equal signs, so you’ll see that returns true. So let’s go ahead and “5 == 4” that’s going to return false because of course we’ve all been through grade 2 math and we all know that 5 is a little larger than 4. Now you can also do this with strings and also without using equal signs at all, you can actually type “5 is 5” and that will return true, and you can type “5 is not 5” and that will equal false. So basically you’re saying 5 is not 5 and Python is saying well that’s false. So you could type “5 is not 6” and that will return true. Again you can do this with strings as well so you can type “This” is “This” and this is going to compare both of these strings to see if they’re equal to each other and it’s going to return true because yes, it is. Now we can also do this “True is True” will return true because of course true is true. Now that last one is a bit of a you know obvious result, so let’s go ahead and compare this with this “True” is True. If you think this will return true because we’re comparing true and true the results will not be as obvious as you expect because one of them is a string and the other one is a Boolean operator. So, not only when you compare two items is it checking if the value is equal, it’s also checking the type of data that it is. So, if we wanted to make the above statement return true we would have to convert true into a string. So just like you would convert a number into a string, you can just wrap the Boolean operator in the str function and it will convert it to a string prior to the comparison, and then it will return the result of true is true which equals true. Now, true-and-false again they’re going to come up in in the if-else statements because that’s where we’re really going to do some error checking and you know make sure things are set and that you know they’re not just not equal to each other, and you’re going to see more practical uses of Boolean operators later on, but this was just to show you guys what true and false is and again you should already know this without a programming background. So in the next video we’re going to be looking at Pythons version of arrays which are called lists.
Alright, so what are some of the fun things and useful things that we can do with strings in Python? Well there’s a few concepts that I want to talk about here, so what we’re going to do is go ahead and open up a Python interpreter, you can do this in pycharm by going to view tool windows, and then selecting python console, or you can open up terminal and type Python3 and hit enter. However you enter this if you want to follow along that’s probably helpful because I find if you’re told how to do something you know you kind of know how to do it, but if you actually do it yourself you have a better handle on what happens, and you’re more likely to remember how it works. So from here on out basically what I want you guys to do is to follow along with your code and do everything that I do. So, with that being said one of the first things that we’re going to do is in a previous video when we were talking about numbers I showed you how to convert strings into numbers if the only thing in that string were numbers. So, this is going to be kind of the opposite. Let’s say you have a few values, let’s say you have the number 6, right, and you want to print out this costs six dollars. You can’t, just well actually first we’re going to talk about concatenating, because you can’t do that in Python. I’m going to show you how, but first let’s learn how to concatenate a string which means had a glue multiple strings together. So we saw this actually in the numbers video as well when we tried to add numbers that had been identified as the string or yeah the string type and what it did was concatenate the numbers and made 5 and 6, when you add them together, it made it equal 56, and so your gluing strings together. So I want to say “Hello, ” then pop out of that string put a “+” and then in this string I’m going to type “Nick” Now what’s going to happen is it’s going to print out “Hello Nick” because I’m concatenating these two strings. You can also do this with however many instances of strings you want, so if I really wanted to get a little bit convoluted I could do this and this would print out hello using five strings all concatenated together. Now what happens if I want to say this costs six bucks? “This costs” + 6 + “bucks” Well, because part of this line is an integer it’s going to try and use those plus symbols to perform a mathematical operation rather than printing out a string, actually it’s the opposite it can’t convert the integer to a string so it knows that we want to concatenate some strings together but it’s like well hey hold up this is not a string I don’t know what to do with this. So what we have to do is use the string function which is similar to the int function. So how we do that is “this costs + str(six) + “dollars” and what this is gonna do is it’s going to convert the number 6 to a string so it can be used. Now you can also perform mathematical operations within the string parameter, I believe so. Let’s test this out. “This costs” + let’s go str(6 + 5) + “dollars” and hit enter. Yeah, so it can perform mathematical operations within that parameter. It’s going to convert the sum or the result of whatever mathematical operation you are performing on it, it’s going to convert that to a string and then use that string to be concatenated with the other strings that you’re working with. So that’s how to use the string function and maybe this doesn’t seem like it’s going to be important, or maybe it does but you’re like well how often do you use this, you know. We’re going to see because when we get into defining some functions we’re going to be using both strings and integers to return certain information and so this is going to be important at that point. So, that’s how to convert integers to strings, it will also work for any other type. So if you have true, we’re going to get into that after actually, but we’re going to be using this string function again at a later point. Now what happens when you want to do the opposite of concatenating strings? So, think of concatenation, I’m not sure if that’s the appropriate term, think about contaminating two strings as actually let’s look that up. Now it’s gonna open up xcode just go in to Google here, because if I’m saying that wrong I want to know. Yeah, okay, concatenate, good stuff. Not sure if you guys heard that but I’m using that word correctly, good stuff. Alright, so anyway back to the code that’s how you concatenate two strings together. What happens when you want to do the opposite, you want to split strings apart? So, let’s say we have this string like this so we’re going to say “Hello:Nick” we’re going to separate that word from the other word with a colon so that we actually have a character that we can use to split. So what we’re going to do is after the string we’re going to put a “.split(“:”)” going to call a function split on it, and the split function or method takes one parameter, well for the sake of this video takes one parameter, and that’s where you want the string to be split. So we’re going to split it at the colon there and hit enter. What it’s going to do is it’s going to create an array with all elements that had been split from that point, so for instance it split it into two items in the array but let’s say I did this it’s going to have an array with three values in it, and then we can reference those values by its index number, so this is going to be a bit more complicated. Let’s say we’re splitting it at this so let’s concatenate that lets say “My name is” + so we want this to print out my name, and not hello world, and not anything else, so what we’re going to do is put 2 square brackets and the number one “[1]” and it’s going to say “My name is Nick” I’m not sure if that’s a bit too complicated, so I’m going to try and explain it again from the beginning. So, we have a string, we have it say my name is and then a space, and then we can concatenate it with the result of this right here. So this can be broken down into a few parts, here’s the string that we’re performing the split function on okay, then we’re calling split on it and this is going to turn this string into an array with three values each with an index. It’s gonna split it into hello, Nick, and world and stuff those values into its own array, and then we can access the result of this by using an index number here in square brackets so we’re calling the index number one, so hello would be 0, Nick would be 1, and world would be 2. So, what’s happening is it’s printing out my name is Nick. Now you might be thinking shouldn’t it be printing out my name is hello if we’re using the number one here? This isn’t so much Python but it’s a concept in programming in general, no. So, 0 equals 1. If you have an array the first item in it you think would equal 1 but it actually it equals 0 and we’ll talk more about arrays, which are actually called lists in Python, we will talk more about those coming up in you know I think not the next video but the video after the next one. So that’s how you can manipulate strings in a very basic way, we might expand on this in the future, we actually probably will. So, next we’re going to be talking about Booleans.
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Alright, so what is a string? Well, a string is any text that you want to be treated as text within a program. So again we need to talk about a few other things that we’re going to be talking about actually a few videos from now, but for right now just trying to follow along. So, this is a string because it’s wrapped in quotations, and if we hit enter Python is going to say hello string. Now, you can also use single quotations here to do the same thing. So basically you have two options either using double quotations or single quotations, and let’s say you want to have a word in your string that you well let’s say you need to have a word in that string of text which contains an apostrophe. So let’s say we wrapped in single quotes and we say ‘don’t do that’ Python is going to freak out about that because what it thinks is happening is that we’re starting a string here, we’re typing three letters, and then we’re ending the string, and then it doesn’t know what to do about all this. It’s saying well t do that I don’t know what that means, it’s no variable, and there’s no function that I can perform on this, so I’m just going to freak out and give you a syntax error. So what you would need to do in order to print out don’t do that is you can just wrap it in double quotations and then just type don’t do that, and as you can see what I print it’s going to keep that intact. Now alternatively let’s say you want to quote somebody. So, let’s wrap in double quotes and say, “she said “I want this” and then close it, close it. Again, it’s gonna freak out because what it thinks that we’re trying to do is start a string, say she said, then end the string and then it’s going to freak out over all this because it doesn’t realize that this is part of that string because we have explicitly told it to end the string here. So what you would do in this instance is just wrap the entire string in single quotations. So, ‘she said “I want this”‘ and as you can see it’s going to print it out correctly. Now alternatively what if she said something that had an apostrophe in it. So, let’s try and cope with that so ‘she said “don’t put that there”‘ again it’s going to freak out because we’re starting the string here, we’re adding a single quotation which is not interpreting as the other string, in fact right here where this apostrophe is it thinks that’s the end of the string, so it’s treating this like a string and then this as constants, or variables, or whatever and it doesn’t know what to do with them because we’re not telling it to do anything and then these just random quotations here. So what we need to do in this instance is we need to learn about escaping certain characters. So, let’s write it out first then I’ll explain it. So what we’re going to do is wrap it in single quotes and we’re going to say ‘she said “don/ ‘t do that”‘ and what’s happening here, let’s hit enter. That’s not what…let me that out. It’s just returning what we wrote there. There. So we print that out and what this does is the backslash here tells the next character to be interpreted as text regardless of what it would normally be interpreted as, so rather than this trying to end the string Python knows at this point that we want this to be printed out with the string and not end the string but just printed out as a single character, and so that’s what it’s going to do. So there’s times when you’re going to need to do each of these in your Python code and so that’s how to handle strings and what they are. Again, a string is just a series of characters which is interpreted as text and you can print it, you can manipulate it, we’re actually going to get into string manipulation in the next video.
Alright, so before we actually get into functional programming, or object oriented programming for that matter, with Python we need to discuss some basic types, and then variables, and some other stuff. So in this video we’re going to be covering numbers. So, what is a number? Well, I’m sure you guys know what a number is and I’m sure we’ve all been through grade primary and one so we’re all familiar with that. Now there’s two different types of numbers, one is called an integer, and then a floating point. The floating point is basically any number that has a decimal included in it. So let’s go ahead and write out some numbers on the screen. Now I’m going to be using the Python console down here for this video so watch down there, that’s where stuff is going to happen. So, for an instance of a number we can just write a number, it’s going to appear in the console, or the ID, or whatever you know has syntax highlighting that you’re using it’s going to show as blue or it should you know, actually that really depends on your color scheme that you’ve got going on, it’s going to show a specific color. Now, we can just use numbers in Python just by writing the numbers and if we hit enter it’s going to print out 5. Now with numbers we can perform mathematical operations on these numbers as you saw in some of the previous videos that we’ve done so far. So I could write 5 + 6 and we’re going to get a response of the sum of 5 + 6. Now what would happen if I wrapped these numbers in quotations? So let’s go ahead and write “5 + 6” if you think that this will produce 11, you’re wrong, It’s going to produce 56, and you might be thinking, hold up, 5 + 6 does not equal 56. You’re absolutely right. Not in math, however when you’re concatenated strings it does. So basically when you wrap something in quotations in Python, Python is going to treat it as a string, not a number. So if you’re trying to perform mathematical operations just remember don’t wrap your numbers in quotations. Now additionally we can use floating points to perform math operations, and you can see it returns a floating-point. Now if we ran 5.5 + 5.5 it’s going to still return a floating point, however you know it’s 11.0 because we’ve passed it, you know, decimal floating-point numbers and so it’s going to return with one because that’s just how it works. Now, we’re going to talk about how to convert different types of types, I guess. These are called types. A number is a type, a string is a type, and right here we’ve got, we’ve shown, both numbers and strings and we’re going to cover strings in the next video, but for right now let’s say well I have some numbers but they’re wrapped in quotations and I still want to perform mathematical operations on them, how can I do that? So, basically in Python there’s a built-in function called int which will convert a string to a number if that string contains only numbers. So let’s look at a correct usage of int and then an incorrect usage and see the output for both. So let’s say I have the number “5” wrapped in quotations, what I’m going to do is wrap that in the int function and this is also how you write a call to a function in Python, and then I’m going to perform a mathematical operation on it with another number wrapped in quotations. Now this is not going to produce 57, in fact it’s going to convert both of those into integers and then perform the math operations on them. So that’s how to add up different numbers that are contained within quotations, let’s have a look at trying to convert text to an integer. So let’s write “int” and let’s write “(hello)” and hit enter. As you can guess it’s printing out an error because there’s an invalid literal for int with base 10. Basically, what that means is we’ve passed it something that is not an integer. So think of this function basically as it takes whatever you put into the function, it removes the quotations, and then returns that. Same if I just type this, Python is going to freak out because it doesn’t know what hello is because this is going to be interpreted not as a string, but it’s going to be interpreted as computer code, and we’re going to get more into strings in the next video.
Alright, so what kind of work environment do we need to be efficient at programming with Python? The question can be posed for any programming language really, and so the answer is usually going to be same. I mean feel free if you want to, to openup notepad on Windows or you know some basic text editor and write a script and go over to the terminal and command prompt and run it, however that’s not efficient for a variety of reasons. So, what we’re going to be using is an IDE, which stands for integrated development environment, and we’re going to be using Jetbrains PyCharm. Now, PyCharm is free for, I spelled that wrong just go to Google, search PyCharm, and click on the link there which is from jetbrains.com, and you can download it. Now when you get to the download screen you’re going to get a professional or community version, choose the community version that is free, it’s completely fully featured as far as i can tell, and that’s the one that we’re going to be using in this video. Now alternatively I mean you can go have a look at other IDEs for Python, but I find that this one it just works really well, it’s simple, and it does everything that we need it to do, and it also has some advanced features which we may look at some point in the future. So, go ahead download the installer for your platform, it does require Java as well, so you can just open up Google and type download Java, and it’s going to take a java.com/download if you click that link, just click download the appropriate version for your system, and once you have that installed then you can install PyCharm. So, let’s take a walk around PyCharm right quick. So, this is going to be the first screen that you see every time you start up PyCharm. The first launch screen is a bit different you can choose a theme and whatnot, all that is relevant really. We’re going to create a new project, it’s going to be pure Python, now there’s also other options here if you want to start a Django project, etc., but we’re just going to start a Python project here and we’re going to choose version 3.5.1 which is also going to tell the IDE here where to find the binary files to run Python. Now, we’re also going to name the project here, so first program, and this is going to be the name of our project. It’s going to create a folder called first program and this is how we’re going to identify it within here. So, along the left-hand side here this is the project view so let’s go ahead and right click and create a new file. Now, additionally you can create a new directory, a Python package, and a bunch of different file types here. We’re just going to choose a Python file and I’m going to name it main, which is going to name it main.py, and here we can start typing our script. So, again I’m just going to use the hello world example, and that’s all it’s going to be. I’m going to save it, keyboard shortcuts are going to take you a long way if you’re going to become a programmer, so I expect you know some already, if you don’t on Windows Linux control + S saves the file and on OS 10 its command + S so you don’t have to always go through the menus and stuff, but let’s have a look through the menus. If you want to create a new project, a new file, or directory you can open one etcetera, you can actually access the settings by going to default settings for this project, and a bunch of different options down here that we don’t really need. If you go to edit you’re going to see you can undo and it’s also going to show you the corresponding keyboard shortcuts for each one of these options, so this is command + Z and that’s going to undo whatever action I previously did, this is also going to be useful if you’re going to become a professional programmer. Same is true for copy, paste, find. We’re going to be discussing find at some point, I mean it’s a pretty powerful command you can find not only in the current file but your entire project if you want to look for instances of variable or string or something you can actually search through the entire root directory of this project if you want. If you go to view and go tool windows here is what we’re looking at here project if we select that it’s going to, it should hide that, yeah, so it hid the project sidebar, so we’re going to leave that open. Now, we can also show favorite structure, etcetera. If you have version control setup this will not be disabled and you can use that to perform first control actions. We’re going to open up a Python console here and here we can actually run Python code. If we wanted to say 5+5 you know and it’s going to return that so this is the interpreter itself, however if we want to actually open terminal we can open a terminal here and here we can just type python3 main.py and it’s going to run what we have up in this file right here. Now additionally we have a run right here. We can set up run, a run configuration here, to actually every time we hit the run it’s going to automatically run our project so let’s go ahead and hit the plus sign, choose python, and it’s gonna be called a Python run, script is going to be python3 or the script is going to be the actual python script that we want run so it’s going to be main.py, script parameters this is if we’re passing in any arguments or anything we’re not going to it’s already found the Python interpreter because when we set up the project we chose the correct Python version. This is going to be interpreter options we’re not going to be using any, and that’s all that we need to do. So, let’s go ahead and click apply and then run, and it’s going to run the script, output that, and then it says it finished with exit code zero which is completely normal. So, every time you want to run if you have this little section opened here just hit that play button, the Run button there, it’s going to run the code in real time. So, make changes, hit ctrl + S, and then run the code right there, this is the most efficient way to run a program in an IDE, you know, you don’t have to switch back and forth between windows and stuff. So, this is the primary reason that we’re going to be using this IDE for the sake of this course. Again, feel free to have a look at some others but I recommend if you’re a complete novice to any of this just follow along exactly with what I’m doing and you shouldn’t have a problem. However, if you do there’s a discussion section to the right of this video, use it, let me know if you have any trouble, and I’ll try to clear it up. So, with all that said we are finally ready to actually get in to the language itself.
So, let’s go ahead and create a Python script and learn how to run it. So, I’m going to be doing this in terminal completely we will discuss other options later, what I need to do first is change directory into “pycharm projects” and there’s nothing really in here so I’m going to create a file using the nano text editor, you guys don’t have to follow along, however if you want to that’s great too. I’m just going to call it test.py. Now all Python scripts need to have the .py extension. So, what we’re going to do is just a simple, simple script it’s going to print “hello world” So, I’m going to control + O to save, and control + C to exit, control + X to exit. Alright, now if we just type “test.py” you’ll see BASH doesn’t know what to do with this command because test.py is not an installed program. So what we need to do is run “python3 test.py” and it will return the result of anything in that script. So, that’s how to run python scripts, in the next video what we’re going to be doing is setting up an actual work environment using an IDE, and get you guys all ready to start with the basics.
So, the interpreter, and this is going to be a short video I think, but we’re basically going to talk about the difference between an interpreted programming language and compiled programming language, and this might be a little adept for the novice programmer but just stick with us again if you have any questions or not sure if you completely understand it, there’s a discussion section to the right of this video, yes should be right to the right of this video, so use that and I will try and clear up any confusion. So, first, with a compiled programming language you write your code and you save it into this file, and you can’t run that file yet. Let’s say you’re writing C++ code, so you write a function, you write a script that will do something. If you try and open that file with the .cpp extension, which is for C++ files, it is just going to open that in a text editor or code editor because that’s not an executable file. What you need to do with a compiled programming language is once you save your file you need to compile it into a language that the computer can read, so binary ones and zeros, and by compiling this file into an executable file, then you can double click it and it will run. So, if you’re on Windows building executable files for windows they will have a .exe extension. If you’re on Linux I don’t believe they have an extension. So, the difference here is with Python when you write a script you can instantaneously run that script without having to compile it into binary and because we can do that what’s actually happening is when you run the Python command you’re not running the file standalone. So, when you compile a programming file into a binary file you can just type the name of that file in the terminal or command prompt and hit enter and it will run that program as a standalone program because the computer already knows how to run it, but when you run Python scripts you’re going to run it with the Python command and then the name of the file, and what basically happens is you’re running the program Python which is interpreting your code and running that. So, what happens is it does compile into binary but it does what’s called just-in-time compilation, and what that does is every time you run its going to parse all the code and it’s going to convert it into a temporary file and then run that temporary file. So, let me break out of this, there. So, how you would run a script and we’re going to talk about that later but basically how to enter the interpreter on its own you just type python3 to use the three version of Python you can see the version we are using Python 3.5.1. So, basically in the interpreter you can run real time code, so if I were to type “print hello world” it’s going to instantaneously run that line of code. If I run “4 + 6” it’s going to return 10 because that’s the sum of four and six, and so the interpreter is great to use if you want to test something really quick, if you want to debug a few lines of code, or if you just want to see if something would actually work. So, we’re going to be starting out using the interpreter but as things get a little more complex we’re going to get into writing scripts and executing those scripts. So, now we need to learn how to run a Python script.
